Leaf curl (Taphrina deformans) is a common fungal disease that affects peach, nectarine, peachcott, and peacherine etc trees. It causes the leaves (and sometimes the fruit) of the infected tree to become puckered, curled and much thicker than normal. If left untreated the problem will get worse year after year and reduce the tree’s ability to produce lots of fruit.
Fruit tree expert, Sarah Frater of Edible Garden Ltd, says overwinter the fungal spores take up residence in different parts of the tree, but mainly in the buds.
“When the cool wet weather of spring and summer arrives many leaf curl spores are produced and are then splashed or blown from tree to tree. Because this is also the time the trees are breaking bud and forming new leaves, the new growth is easily reinfected with leaf curl.”
Sarah says controlling leaf curl isn’t easy but she says good orchard hygiene habits, which should be repeated each year, will give you the best chance.
“First of all,” says Sarah, “plant your trees where they will get adequate air movement – this will help minimise fungal problems.”
Next, in spring apply a light dressing of a quick acting fertiliser such as sulphate of ammonia to encourage new leaf growth. At the same time, Sarah also recommends applying a seaweed fertiliser, such as Seasol and Comfrey spray, to help the plants’ immunity to leaf curl.
If you do get leaf curl, during spring is when you will notice it in your trees.
Sarah says that once you notice the symptoms of leaf curl in your leaves it is too late to control the disease in those leaves but there is lots you can to do try and stop the fungus from spreading.
“The first step is to remove and destroy as many infected leaves as practical. But don’t compost these as it will spread the infection,” says Sarah.
In autumn and early winter Sarah recommends cleaning up around the base of any peach, nectarine etc trees and removing as many leaves as possible.
“Because these types of trees are susceptible to leaf curl, I suggest doing this regardless of whether they’ve shown any signs of disease. And, again remember – don’t compost the leaves.”
Next, Sarah says you should spray your deciduous trees (the trees that lose their leaves every year) with lime sulphur.
“The lime sulphur acts by burning off the over wintering fungi and pests, including mites. It’s very important you do this for gooseberry bushes because they are prone to catching mites which can eat out the flower buds, meaning your bush ends up with no fruit. Luckily, the lime sulphur will get rid of those mites.
“But I don’t recommend applying it to your apricot trees because they can be sensitive to lime, so it’s best just to avoid it.”
In late winter/spring, Sarah recommends applying a copper-based fungicide to all your deciduous fruit trees – not just peach trees.
“A copper-based fungicide will help stop leaf curl on peach and nectarine trees but it will also treat fungal problems on other fruit trees – like black spot on apple trees.”
She also suggests mixing in the copper fungicide with a spreader/sticker, like RainGard, both of which you can get from your local garden centre.
“RainGard works a bit like soap. Combined with the fungicide, it will make the whole area you spray wet and then when it dries it sticks to the area so you get good coverage that sticks or stays on the tree for a long time.”
Sarah says the copper fungicide (and spreader/sticker) should be applied while the leaf and flower buds are still closed – right before the buds burst.
“Spray thoroughly as you need to create a surface barrier to protect against the fungus. Then follow this up with another spray 10-14 days later – particularly if you’ve had lots of wet weather. This will ensure the trees get the coverage they need.”
Sarah says once you have flower buds showing it’s really important not to spray copper, as it’s very toxic to bees when it’s wet – though fine once it’s dried. And it’s also past the point of the copper being effective as the idea of the copper is to add a protectant layer over the buds, before they burst.
And that’s it for the year. Now, you just have to go back to the beginning of the process and repeat all of the steps – except for applying copper fungicide.
Sarah says because copper is a heavy metal it can build up in the soil. It’s also very toxic to bees when wet so should only be used when necessary. She says if in the past year your trees showed no signs of disease just skip the copper step the following year.
“But, if they are newly planted trees; or were effected by fungus or disease; or you had a wet winter; or you didn’t spray with lime sulphur, then you should still apply copper fungicide,” Sarah finishes.
You can order peach, nectarine, peachcott, peacherine and other fruit and nut trees from specialised mail order nursey, Edible Garden Ltd.
